Paramount vs. Tantamount

Fundamental versus Equivalent Fundamental versus Equivalent Fundamental versus Equivalent By Mark Nichol What’s the distinction among central and commensurate? The differentiation is of vital significance; it’s commensurate to being correct or wrong. Foremost, from the Anglo-French word paramont, got from the Latin expression per advertisement montem, actually interpreted as â€Å"up the mountain,† implies â€Å"supreme.† It’s additionally utilized (once in a while) as a thing to allude to a preeminent ruler. Equivalent was initially a thing, converted into English from the Anglo-French expression tant amunter, which means â€Å"to sum to as much,† and means â€Å"equivalent.† It is rarely utilized more’s the pity, since it is such a fantastic word in such expressions as â€Å"tantamount to treason.† This pomposity, and the word’s similarity to vital, may deceive authors into expecting it has a grand sense like its partner. As you would have speculated, the thing sum, which means â€Å"sum,† likewise gets from the Latin word for mountain. Another word with the component - sum is catamount, an about outdated equivalent word for cougar or lynx that is a pressure of the term feline a-mountain. Shut compound action words with the root word mount incorporate descent (â€Å"remove oneself from a high situation, as a pony or a bit of gymnastic equipment,† or â€Å"take apart†) demount is a once in a while utilized variation remount (â€Å"get up on again,† or â€Å"revert†), and conquer (â€Å"climb,† â€Å"excel,† or â€Å"overcome,† or â€Å"be at the top of†). Seamount is a thing alluding to a submerged mountain whose highest point doesn't arrive adrift level. (On the off chance that it did, it would be called an island.) Dismount and remount additionally have thing structures; the previous alludes to the finishing up development in an aerobatic schedule, and the last means a pony that replaces a rider’s past one. An intriguing side note: In bows and arrows, â€Å"lord paramount† and â€Å"lady paramount† are terms for an authority responsible for a bows and arrows competition, or for a stylized pioneer of such an occasion, proportionate to a motorcade terrific marshal. The terms started in the primitive time, when a master vital, one not subordinate to an individual from the respectability of more noteworthy position, was required to give prepared longbowmen in case of war, and directed at bows and arrows competitions. (The title â€Å"lord paramount† is known to fanatics of the TV arrangement A Game of Thrones and the arrangement of books on which it is based.) Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartReplacement for and substitution ofWood versus Wooden

How can Ebola affect us Essay

Envision being secluded from your own family and feeling uncertain concerning whether you will ever observe them again. They would prefer not to come anyplace approach you, for you are a danger to their wellbeing. The main guests who come extremely close to you are outsiders in full on defensive apparatus. They would prefer not to uncover the scarcest piece of skin to you and you can't see anything but their eyes. The world feelings of trepidation what you are and nobody needs to approach you. You realize passing is close, and you are isolated. You can see the pile of carcasses outside the wiry work window of your office, being singed and tossed into mass graves, and you realize that you will before long be going along with them. This is the life of an Ebola casualty.. In the year 1976, Ebola moved out of its obscure concealing spot, and caused the passing of 280 out of the 318 individuals who got tainted. That’s a 88% casualty rate. Dread grasped the people in question, and t ormented their brains. The individuals of Zaire held up outside centers, houses of worship and in their homes for a treatment of the terrible malady, however there was no fix. They had to watch individuals pass on, trusting that they would be spared from the rough demise of the Ebola infection. From the time of 1976 till today, specialists have scanned for root and fix of the infection. Researcher have done various examinations and examinations, however nobody has had the option to locate the correct clarifications. There have been numerous others out breaks in the past yet 2014/15’s flare-up has guaranteed a bigger number of lives than these different flare-ups together, with a stunning 8386 demise and tallying. It has additionally spread between nations beginning in Guinea at that point spreading across land fringes to Sierra Leone quieting 3,049 lives and Liberia causing 3,515 passings and to Nigeria causing 8 passings. It is accepted that the Ebolaâ virus may have at first been transmitted to p eople from bats, and different types of shrubbery meat like monkeys ect.. from the wildernesses in focal Africa, I realize it must sount insane to you to hear that a few people eat monkeys however In some remote zones of Africa it is a piece of their way of life and their lifestyle. In Africa’s Congo Basin, individuals eat an expected 5,000,000 tons of hedge meat every year. The explanation that shrubbery meat is so savage is on the grounds that a few creatures generally bats, can be a host to explicit illnesses without being hurt, were as us people can't convey these maladies without getting contaminated. At the point when an individual agreements Ebola they will begin to feel the indications inside the following 2-21 days. The side effects of Ebola are particular and savage. If you somehow happened to contract Ebola, your experience would be terrible you would begin to get awful stomach torments, yet it would simply be made look like a typical bug. after that they would then begin to intensify in torment until they would wake you up from your rest, which would be trailed by constant regurgitating. Anything you gobbled would return up. These indications would proceed for a couple of days then you would begin to get thinner at an extraordinary rate. Chest torments would now go with the stomach hurts, at this point you would be powerless with for all intents and purposes no food in your body because of the regurgitating and your teeth would begin to drop out while you would build up a wicked rash and you would bite the dust days after the fact after terrible misery. In any case, those are only the reactions of what’s truly occurring in your body. Ebola assaults each organ and the entirety of the tissue in the human body aside from the bones. You create blood clumps under the skin. Your organs go to mush and the under layers of your skin kick the bucket and condense; this is the thing that causes the wicked bubbly careless. These things really happen to Ebola patients consistently. Ebola is an infectious illness; this is the reason Ebola casualties must be kept contained in emergency clinics and treatment offices. With regards to transmission specialists take cleaning themselves in the wake of being in contact with a tainted individual truly. Ebola is transmitted through the death of strikingly liquids, which implies on the off chance that you get liquids from a contaminated person’s body onto your skin, you ought to be alright; yet we as people are continually scouring our eyes and eating with our hands so this implies we are as yet allowing the Ebola parasite to enter our body. Right now there is no fix or inoculation for Ebola. Tests anyway are occurring to findâ a immunization utilizing antibodies of Ebola survivors. This is conceivable on the grounds that like some other sickness like little marks and the chicken pox, one you have endure Ebola u become safe to it. Researchers are attempting to make sense of how to duplicate this into an inoculation. The vast majority in the uk believe that they are totally protected from the illness, and right now yes they are. It is amazingly far-fetched that Ebola right now could arrive at the uk and spread quickly. In any case, each individual in West Africa, Sierra Leone, Liberia ect that gets contaminated with Ebola furnishes it with a chance to develop and transform, if not halted it will in the end perhaps in the following year, possibly in the following 10 years become air conceived. This implies in any event, breathing almost an Ebola patient will give u the sickness. When air conceived it will venture to the far corners of the planet and could persistently murder a huge level of the earth’s populace. Counting you. I trust now you can perceive any reason why Ebola need stop be halted. Much obliged for tuning in

How to Read Faster and Retain More from Everything You Read

How to Read Faster and Retain More from Everything You Read There is a chance reading is not your favorite thing in the world. And if that is the case, you’re most probably not very good at it. That needs to change.Reading is not only a great pass time, it is a great way of processing information â€" as opposed to watching TV, for example. Statistics tell us people who read more are richer, they are in relatively better health, they have more success in their careers.If you happened to be able to read faster and get more information from it, will you will be willing to read more often?This article will give you helpful advice how to teach your brain great techniques in order to go through written text faster and comprehend more from it.WHY WOULD YOU WANT TO READ FASTER?We read for multiple reasons. Some of us read mainly for pleasure, while others read mostly at work.While you want to take your time when reading your favorite new novel, you certainly want to be more efficient when reading work documents, or anything that is taking your prec ious time at the office.When you say the word ‘reading’ you probably imagine yourself standing in front of a book or a sheet of paper, fully concentrated, with all the time in the world. But that is not always the case.Especially at the workplace.For example, imagine you at one of those boring presentations, and the presenter of the information is in a hurry. You will only have a little bit of time to read those information heavy slides they are screening in front of you, and at the end you will be expected to be an efficient member of your brainstorming session or discussion. The more you manage to get out of the presentation, the more creative and full potential your ideas will be.Learning to read more efficiently will give you a competitive edge over your team members â€" you will become better at analysis, you’ll will be faster in comprehending new information.Reading fast improves your memoryReading is a great brain exercise. Not only do you have two digest the informatio n, you have to retain it and analyze it, and, preferably, remember it.It is not just a speed exercise.Research proves exercising your brain regularly is very beneficial â€" you are not wearing it out â€" on the contrary. Research tells us that heavy mental exercises can actually preserve your brain from damage caused by disease â€" for example Alzheimer’s. Activities such as solving crossword puzzles have been proven to be a healthy way to train your brain muscle. Learning to read fast and constantly challenging yourself is a way to progress in your training. Improves your focusWhen we’re not putting enough strain on our mind we get distracted very often and easily.We tend to allow ourselves to do that â€" we watch TV while we read the news, or we listen to music while we work.We seem to constantly prefer a false sense of comfort over focus. And focus is what guarantees us our efficiency.Trying to read faster and faster requires that focus. What is more, research shows that focu s is the subject of progress. The more often you put yourself in the situation of no distractions, the easier you will achieve a focused mind.Saves you timeThis is one of the more obvious reasons why you want to read faster. And while it is obvious it is a factor, it is underestimated how big of a factor this is. As reported by Globalnews.ca ‘people now spend one-third of their time at the office â€" and half of the time they work at home â€" reading and answering emails. And 30 per cent of that time, the emails are neither urgent nor important. That’s 11.7 hours spent at work and 5.3 hours at home â€" every week.’ Imagine how much of your time you could save if you could double or even triple your reading speed.HOW FAST SHOULD YOU BE ABLE TO READ?Can you really double or triple your reading speed? Well, to answer that question, you first need to know how fast you are reading already. According to Forbes, this is how fast you are supposed to be reading, counted in words per mi nute (wpm)Third-grade students = 150 words per minute (wpm)Eight grade students = 250Average college student = 450Average “high level exec” = 575Average college professor = 675Speed readers = 1,500World speed reading champion = 4,700Average adult: 300 wpmThere are free reading speed tests available online. Before you take any steps towards improving the speed of your reading, you need to know the current speed you’re working with.HOW TO START READING FASTERThe Tim Ferris experimentTim Ferris reports to have always been fascinated by the idea of the amount of time he could save himself if he could read at one third or even one fifth of the time. He believes that increasing the reading speed mainly involves controlling the fine motor movement in particular. The projectHe claims to have discovered a way to improve the reading speed of all participants, in what he calls the PX Project, by more than 30% in less than five minutes. And the further you are involved in the project the more you can increase your reading speed. The PX project is something Tim Ferris has taught to undergraduates at the Princeton University.The claimsAccording to him, the project is nothing more than a three-hour cognitive experiment with some great results. He claims to have never seen the experiment fail â€" it has been tested on foreign language speakers and even dyslexics. The experiment is supposed to teach anyone to read even technical material at more than 3000 words per minute which means 10 pages of text in one minute. To compare, the average reader has the speed of 300 words per minute, or half a page in one minute.You will need:A reading material of more than 200 pages. The material should be able to stay open at all times â€" do not go for a small-page book that keeps closing all of the time.Three hours for the experiment, in increments of 20 minutes of exercise in one session.A pen.A timer.You need to know:When you’re reading your eyes do not follow the lettering smoot hly. Rather, they move in what is called saccadic movements. You are fixating your eyes on a particular part of the sentence you are reading and you are taking a temporary snapshot of the page you’re seeing. If you find that hard to believe you can conduct your own experiment. Close one of your eyes and put your index finger on it. With your other eye open, read several sentences. You will fill the little jerky movements with the finger on your closed eye. The average reader constantly rereads text on their material because of a wrong fixation on text that has already been read. In order to improve your reading speed you must eliminate those regressions. Your current focus of reading fixation is most probably circular instead of elliptical. You are fixating on words that are above and below the text you’re reading. If you, instead, try and concentrate your sight horizontally and not vertically you will have a better understanding of the particular line your reading instead of f ocusing on unnecessary information above and below it. That alone is going to increase your reading speed by 50%.How the experiment worksThe experiment has several stages. You will learn to apply one principle, you exercise for it, you will time the increase of your reading speed, and you will challenge yourself with the new principle.Start the experimentEven though you might already know your reading speed, it is a good idea to doublecheck their reading speed with the particular materials you will be using for your experiment. Count the words from the first five line of your text. Now count the number of lines on the first five pages. If you divided by five now you will have the average number of lines per page. Multiply the amount by the number of words per line and you have yourself a number of words on the first five pages. This will give you a good idea of the number of words. Now read from the text for one minute exactly. Multiplying the lines you have covered by your average words-per-line number and you are ready with your current reading speed. You have to use a tracker and a pacer. You probably already used a pen to count the words per line and lines per page. Using a tracker means you have an object that points to you what is your current position in the text you’re reading. That will minimize the amount of times you are going back to text you have already read involuntarily. If you use your pen as a tracker you will probably move it in a smooth pace with your hand under the lines that you’re reading â€" which means that that can also be your pacer. You will use it to force yourself to be reading at a particular speed.Start reading at the minimum speed for one line per second, using your pen as a tracker and a pacer, and at this point do not concern yourself with actually comprehending the text. Just make sure you read it at the minimum speed. Repeat until you have reached your goal for one line per second. Continue on the same exercise until yo u reach the goal of two lines in one second. Read it so for 3 minutes. Focus on the exercise â€" remember, at this point you are just teaching your brain to adapt to the higher speed. You will work for comprehension later. Take a little break from reading to work on your focus. Stare for a minute at the center of the page trying two expand your peripheral vision. Focus on one word in the middle of the line and try to figure out what the rest of the sentence says. When you’re ready check if you’re a correct and switch your focus to another line or another page.Now do another session of reading following this technique. Remember to never read slower than one line per second, once again do not concern yourself with comprehension. You’re just teaching your brain to adapt. You are going to comprehend the fast read text later. Using your pen for a tracker, track your text while you are reading it like you did before, but this time while pointing with your pen skip one word at the be ginning of the line and then skip one word at the end of the line. Do so for one minute. Then for another minute skip two words at the beginning and two words at the end. Next, for three minutes straight try reading at the same pace skipping three words in the beginning of the line and three words at the end. Don’t worry if you do not understand the text completely. You’re just creating a reflex.Now calculate your words per minute reading speed. Try to read for a month fast with comprehension of the text. What were your findings? Did the experiment work for you? If you found there is a significant change in your reading speed, feel free to conduct the experiment again and track your changes. Mindful readingWhile the PX project gives you an exercise to train your brain and to teach it to read differently â€" creating a reflex how you should approach comprehending written information, mindful reading relies on you understanding how reading happens in your brain, so that you’ll c an manipulate that process and do it faster.Stop subvocalizingWhen you are reading written text you are probably hearing your own voice in your head going through the words on the page. You’re pronouncing them at the same speed if you read out loud. Well, you are not reading out loud. That is actually a very bad habit for people that want to learn to read faster. It is called subvocalizing. If you keep subvocalizing you will never reach the full potential of your reading mindfully. It is unnecessarily slowing you down. It is distracting you. If you focus on the meaning of the text you will not need to focus on little things like the pronunciation of the words for example. Work towards awareness of your subvocalizing. There is a trick that can help you achieve this. Try focusing on a word on the page without reading it aloud in your mind. Instead, focus on its meaning. Try a sentence then. Whenever you feel more confidence continue reading that text without hearing it in your head at all. Preview what you are about to readProbably it is way more difficult to comprehend a text if you have no idea what it’s about, who is it from and where is it going. Preview the first lines of the entire chapter of that text you’re about to start reading. Focus on the longer words from them. The longer words are usually the more specific words (as opposed to the more generic ones) â€" they will give you a better information about the jargon in the text â€" they will have a specific topic. When you know where the text is going it will be more difficult for you to get caught up in misunderstandings in the text caused by the higher speed of reading. Has it ever happened to you that you missed a little word and then in the entire paragraph stopped making sense for awhile? For example, the difference between ‘we most certainly do not participate in such events’ and ‘we most certainly do participate in such events’. The preview of the text will eliminate it most of those cases because you know what is coming next. Be mindful of the purpose of the textWhen you are previewing be more conscious of specific words into text, depending on its purpose. If you are reading a technical text, watch out for the jargon. If you are reading a novel, be more mindful of the words signifying feelings. If you are reading an email, watch out for action words and modal verbs â€" ‘we must go’, ‘please find’, ‘you should not delay’, ‘we would love it but…’Once again, this is the rule that you should be more conscious of the words that bring you the greatest meaning in that particular text you are reading. Track your speed and difficulty levelDo not get discouraged if your reading speed goes lower when you increase the difficulty level of the text. Remember there is a huge difference between reading your favorite novel and the reading a physics book.Do not expect for your progress to go smoothly. You will always experience bumps on the road. You will not always be able to tell the text you’re reading right now is more difficult than the one you did before. Obviously you will have other factors â€" you could be tired, sick or your attention could be preoccupied by something else. Track your reading progress Be constantly mindful of your reading speed. To begin with, make sure you have determined your baseline reading speed when you begin working on improving your pace.Whenever you read, take a second to think about the speed with which you want to read â€" if you are reading a large amount of information for your work you might prefer to read for a quality of comprehension and speed. If you’re reading for pleasure you might want to slow down and to cherish the authors work. In both of those cases being aware of the reading speed will help you improve your technique in the future. Make sure you take a test as your reading pace at least once every two weeks.Skip the small words when you readBe careful. When we talk about skipping the small words we do not mean skimming your text. By popular definition, skimming your text means to go over that text so quickly you are really not expected to have any comprehension of what is written, but could just get the general idea. If you skim you might know what the text is about, what is the writing style, what happens at the end. But you will miss a large amount of the information.While it could be useful in certain circumstances, it is not a form of reading we associate with understanding. What we mean by saying you should skip the small words is, that you should focus on the words that bring specific meaning and not the words that are too generic and are used to often. Words such as ‘and’, ‘if’, ‘is’, ‘to’, and ‘the’ can be found in any context. They will not be essential for your understanding of the particular text that you need to read.Read a lotThe moment you have an agenda with your reading, you will start feeling it’s a chore rather than a pleasurable activity. Do not put your reading materials aside, however.As with anything your training to do, it takes practice. Make sure you give it at least 15 to 20 minutes a day. Change your attitude towards readingReading, you used to think, was just another human ability. Now that you know a lot more about it, act accordingly. Your are now somewhat of an expert. You know how everything works in the brain. Experience the pleasure of your accomplishment. Cherish the power you’ll have now gained. You are a superhero with a very cool ability. Teach others.Watch this fascinating video about learning faster to gain a new superhero skill:CONCLUSIONThere you have it. Now you know that reading is nothing more than a process that you can teach yourself and your brain. You are not done learning to read in the first grade. You can continue developing helpful techniques to read with more skill and more mindfulness.You will read more quickly, more efficiently, and the entire process will be more pleasurable and will give your more information. You will have a competitive edge against all your co-workers and even your friends. Make it a goal till the end of the year to double your reading speed.You can do it!

How to Read Faster and Retain More from Everything You Read

How to Read Faster and Retain More from Everything You Read There is a chance reading is not your favorite thing in the world. And if that is the case, you’re most probably not very good at it. That needs to change.Reading is not only a great pass time, it is a great way of processing information â€" as opposed to watching TV, for example. Statistics tell us people who read more are richer, they are in relatively better health, they have more success in their careers.If you happened to be able to read faster and get more information from it, will you will be willing to read more often?This article will give you helpful advice how to teach your brain great techniques in order to go through written text faster and comprehend more from it.WHY WOULD YOU WANT TO READ FASTER?We read for multiple reasons. Some of us read mainly for pleasure, while others read mostly at work.While you want to take your time when reading your favorite new novel, you certainly want to be more efficient when reading work documents, or anything that is taking your prec ious time at the office.When you say the word ‘reading’ you probably imagine yourself standing in front of a book or a sheet of paper, fully concentrated, with all the time in the world. But that is not always the case.Especially at the workplace.For example, imagine you at one of those boring presentations, and the presenter of the information is in a hurry. You will only have a little bit of time to read those information heavy slides they are screening in front of you, and at the end you will be expected to be an efficient member of your brainstorming session or discussion. The more you manage to get out of the presentation, the more creative and full potential your ideas will be.Learning to read more efficiently will give you a competitive edge over your team members â€" you will become better at analysis, you’ll will be faster in comprehending new information.Reading fast improves your memoryReading is a great brain exercise. Not only do you have two digest the informatio n, you have to retain it and analyze it, and, preferably, remember it.It is not just a speed exercise.Research proves exercising your brain regularly is very beneficial â€" you are not wearing it out â€" on the contrary. Research tells us that heavy mental exercises can actually preserve your brain from damage caused by disease â€" for example Alzheimer’s. Activities such as solving crossword puzzles have been proven to be a healthy way to train your brain muscle. Learning to read fast and constantly challenging yourself is a way to progress in your training. Improves your focusWhen we’re not putting enough strain on our mind we get distracted very often and easily.We tend to allow ourselves to do that â€" we watch TV while we read the news, or we listen to music while we work.We seem to constantly prefer a false sense of comfort over focus. And focus is what guarantees us our efficiency.Trying to read faster and faster requires that focus. What is more, research shows that focu s is the subject of progress. The more often you put yourself in the situation of no distractions, the easier you will achieve a focused mind.Saves you timeThis is one of the more obvious reasons why you want to read faster. And while it is obvious it is a factor, it is underestimated how big of a factor this is. As reported by Globalnews.ca ‘people now spend one-third of their time at the office â€" and half of the time they work at home â€" reading and answering emails. And 30 per cent of that time, the emails are neither urgent nor important. That’s 11.7 hours spent at work and 5.3 hours at home â€" every week.’ Imagine how much of your time you could save if you could double or even triple your reading speed.HOW FAST SHOULD YOU BE ABLE TO READ?Can you really double or triple your reading speed? Well, to answer that question, you first need to know how fast you are reading already. According to Forbes, this is how fast you are supposed to be reading, counted in words per mi nute (wpm)Third-grade students = 150 words per minute (wpm)Eight grade students = 250Average college student = 450Average “high level exec” = 575Average college professor = 675Speed readers = 1,500World speed reading champion = 4,700Average adult: 300 wpmThere are free reading speed tests available online. Before you take any steps towards improving the speed of your reading, you need to know the current speed you’re working with.HOW TO START READING FASTERThe Tim Ferris experimentTim Ferris reports to have always been fascinated by the idea of the amount of time he could save himself if he could read at one third or even one fifth of the time. He believes that increasing the reading speed mainly involves controlling the fine motor movement in particular. The projectHe claims to have discovered a way to improve the reading speed of all participants, in what he calls the PX Project, by more than 30% in less than five minutes. And the further you are involved in the project the more you can increase your reading speed. The PX project is something Tim Ferris has taught to undergraduates at the Princeton University.The claimsAccording to him, the project is nothing more than a three-hour cognitive experiment with some great results. He claims to have never seen the experiment fail â€" it has been tested on foreign language speakers and even dyslexics. The experiment is supposed to teach anyone to read even technical material at more than 3000 words per minute which means 10 pages of text in one minute. To compare, the average reader has the speed of 300 words per minute, or half a page in one minute.You will need:A reading material of more than 200 pages. The material should be able to stay open at all times â€" do not go for a small-page book that keeps closing all of the time.Three hours for the experiment, in increments of 20 minutes of exercise in one session.A pen.A timer.You need to know:When you’re reading your eyes do not follow the lettering smoot hly. Rather, they move in what is called saccadic movements. You are fixating your eyes on a particular part of the sentence you are reading and you are taking a temporary snapshot of the page you’re seeing. If you find that hard to believe you can conduct your own experiment. Close one of your eyes and put your index finger on it. With your other eye open, read several sentences. You will fill the little jerky movements with the finger on your closed eye. The average reader constantly rereads text on their material because of a wrong fixation on text that has already been read. In order to improve your reading speed you must eliminate those regressions. Your current focus of reading fixation is most probably circular instead of elliptical. You are fixating on words that are above and below the text you’re reading. If you, instead, try and concentrate your sight horizontally and not vertically you will have a better understanding of the particular line your reading instead of f ocusing on unnecessary information above and below it. That alone is going to increase your reading speed by 50%.How the experiment worksThe experiment has several stages. You will learn to apply one principle, you exercise for it, you will time the increase of your reading speed, and you will challenge yourself with the new principle.Start the experimentEven though you might already know your reading speed, it is a good idea to doublecheck their reading speed with the particular materials you will be using for your experiment. Count the words from the first five line of your text. Now count the number of lines on the first five pages. If you divided by five now you will have the average number of lines per page. Multiply the amount by the number of words per line and you have yourself a number of words on the first five pages. This will give you a good idea of the number of words. Now read from the text for one minute exactly. Multiplying the lines you have covered by your average words-per-line number and you are ready with your current reading speed. You have to use a tracker and a pacer. You probably already used a pen to count the words per line and lines per page. Using a tracker means you have an object that points to you what is your current position in the text you’re reading. That will minimize the amount of times you are going back to text you have already read involuntarily. If you use your pen as a tracker you will probably move it in a smooth pace with your hand under the lines that you’re reading â€" which means that that can also be your pacer. You will use it to force yourself to be reading at a particular speed.Start reading at the minimum speed for one line per second, using your pen as a tracker and a pacer, and at this point do not concern yourself with actually comprehending the text. Just make sure you read it at the minimum speed. Repeat until you have reached your goal for one line per second. Continue on the same exercise until yo u reach the goal of two lines in one second. Read it so for 3 minutes. Focus on the exercise â€" remember, at this point you are just teaching your brain to adapt to the higher speed. You will work for comprehension later. Take a little break from reading to work on your focus. Stare for a minute at the center of the page trying two expand your peripheral vision. Focus on one word in the middle of the line and try to figure out what the rest of the sentence says. When you’re ready check if you’re a correct and switch your focus to another line or another page.Now do another session of reading following this technique. Remember to never read slower than one line per second, once again do not concern yourself with comprehension. You’re just teaching your brain to adapt. You are going to comprehend the fast read text later. Using your pen for a tracker, track your text while you are reading it like you did before, but this time while pointing with your pen skip one word at the be ginning of the line and then skip one word at the end of the line. Do so for one minute. Then for another minute skip two words at the beginning and two words at the end. Next, for three minutes straight try reading at the same pace skipping three words in the beginning of the line and three words at the end. Don’t worry if you do not understand the text completely. You’re just creating a reflex.Now calculate your words per minute reading speed. Try to read for a month fast with comprehension of the text. What were your findings? Did the experiment work for you? If you found there is a significant change in your reading speed, feel free to conduct the experiment again and track your changes. Mindful readingWhile the PX project gives you an exercise to train your brain and to teach it to read differently â€" creating a reflex how you should approach comprehending written information, mindful reading relies on you understanding how reading happens in your brain, so that you’ll c an manipulate that process and do it faster.Stop subvocalizingWhen you are reading written text you are probably hearing your own voice in your head going through the words on the page. You’re pronouncing them at the same speed if you read out loud. Well, you are not reading out loud. That is actually a very bad habit for people that want to learn to read faster. It is called subvocalizing. If you keep subvocalizing you will never reach the full potential of your reading mindfully. It is unnecessarily slowing you down. It is distracting you. If you focus on the meaning of the text you will not need to focus on little things like the pronunciation of the words for example. Work towards awareness of your subvocalizing. There is a trick that can help you achieve this. Try focusing on a word on the page without reading it aloud in your mind. Instead, focus on its meaning. Try a sentence then. Whenever you feel more confidence continue reading that text without hearing it in your head at all. Preview what you are about to readProbably it is way more difficult to comprehend a text if you have no idea what it’s about, who is it from and where is it going. Preview the first lines of the entire chapter of that text you’re about to start reading. Focus on the longer words from them. The longer words are usually the more specific words (as opposed to the more generic ones) â€" they will give you a better information about the jargon in the text â€" they will have a specific topic. When you know where the text is going it will be more difficult for you to get caught up in misunderstandings in the text caused by the higher speed of reading. Has it ever happened to you that you missed a little word and then in the entire paragraph stopped making sense for awhile? For example, the difference between ‘we most certainly do not participate in such events’ and ‘we most certainly do participate in such events’. The preview of the text will eliminate it most of those cases because you know what is coming next. Be mindful of the purpose of the textWhen you are previewing be more conscious of specific words into text, depending on its purpose. If you are reading a technical text, watch out for the jargon. If you are reading a novel, be more mindful of the words signifying feelings. If you are reading an email, watch out for action words and modal verbs â€" ‘we must go’, ‘please find’, ‘you should not delay’, ‘we would love it but…’Once again, this is the rule that you should be more conscious of the words that bring you the greatest meaning in that particular text you are reading. Track your speed and difficulty levelDo not get discouraged if your reading speed goes lower when you increase the difficulty level of the text. Remember there is a huge difference between reading your favorite novel and the reading a physics book.Do not expect for your progress to go smoothly. You will always experience bumps on the road. You will not always be able to tell the text you’re reading right now is more difficult than the one you did before. Obviously you will have other factors â€" you could be tired, sick or your attention could be preoccupied by something else. Track your reading progress Be constantly mindful of your reading speed. To begin with, make sure you have determined your baseline reading speed when you begin working on improving your pace.Whenever you read, take a second to think about the speed with which you want to read â€" if you are reading a large amount of information for your work you might prefer to read for a quality of comprehension and speed. If you’re reading for pleasure you might want to slow down and to cherish the authors work. In both of those cases being aware of the reading speed will help you improve your technique in the future. Make sure you take a test as your reading pace at least once every two weeks.Skip the small words when you readBe careful. When we talk about skipping the small words we do not mean skimming your text. By popular definition, skimming your text means to go over that text so quickly you are really not expected to have any comprehension of what is written, but could just get the general idea. If you skim you might know what the text is about, what is the writing style, what happens at the end. But you will miss a large amount of the information.While it could be useful in certain circumstances, it is not a form of reading we associate with understanding. What we mean by saying you should skip the small words is, that you should focus on the words that bring specific meaning and not the words that are too generic and are used to often. Words such as ‘and’, ‘if’, ‘is’, ‘to’, and ‘the’ can be found in any context. They will not be essential for your understanding of the particular text that you need to read.Read a lotThe moment you have an agenda with your reading, you will start feeling it’s a chore rather than a pleasurable activity. Do not put your reading materials aside, however.As with anything your training to do, it takes practice. Make sure you give it at least 15 to 20 minutes a day. Change your attitude towards readingReading, you used to think, was just another human ability. Now that you know a lot more about it, act accordingly. Your are now somewhat of an expert. You know how everything works in the brain. Experience the pleasure of your accomplishment. Cherish the power you’ll have now gained. You are a superhero with a very cool ability. Teach others.Watch this fascinating video about learning faster to gain a new superhero skill:CONCLUSIONThere you have it. Now you know that reading is nothing more than a process that you can teach yourself and your brain. You are not done learning to read in the first grade. You can continue developing helpful techniques to read with more skill and more mindfulness.You will read more quickly, more efficiently, and the entire process will be more pleasurable and will give your more information. You will have a competitive edge against all your co-workers and even your friends. Make it a goal till the end of the year to double your reading speed.You can do it!

Biography of John C. Frémont, Soldier, Explorer

John C. Frà ©mont (January 21, 1813–July 13, 1890) held a controversial and unusual place in mid-19th century America. Called The Pathfinder, he was hailed as a great explorer of the West. While Frà ©mont did little original exploring as he mostly followed trails that had already been established, he did publish narratives and maps based on his expeditions. Many emigrants heading westward carried guidebooks based on Frà ©monts government-sponsored publications. Frà ©mont was the son-in-law of a prominent politician, Sen. Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri, the nations most prominent advocate of  Manifest Destiny. In the mid-1800s,  Frà ©mont was famed as the living embodiment of westward expansion. His reputation suffered somewhat due to controversies during the Civil War, when he seemed to defy the Lincoln administration. But upon his death, he was fondly remembered for his accounts of the West. Fast Facts: John Charles Frà ©mont Known For: Senator from California; first Republican candidate for president; known for expeditions to open up the West to settlersAlso Known As: The PathfinderBorn: January 21, 1813 in Savannah, GeorgiaParents: Charles Frà ©mon, Anne Beverley WhitingDied: July 13, 1890  in New York,  New YorkEducation: Charleston CollegePublished Works:  Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Memoirs of My Life and Times, Geographical Memoir upon Upper California, an  Illustration of His Map of Oregon and CaliforniaAwards and Honors:  Namesake for schools, libraries, roads, etc.Spouse: Jessie BentonChildren: Elizabeth Benton Lily Frà ©mont, Benton Frà ©mont, John Charles Frà ©mont Jr., Anne Beverly Fremont, Francis Preston Fremont Early Life John Charles Frà ©mont was born on January 21, 1813 in Savannah, Georgia. His parents were embroiled in scandal. His father, a French immigrant named Charles Fremon, had been hired to tutor the young wife of an elderly Revolutionary War veteran in Richmond, Virginia. The tutor and student began a relationship and ran away together. Leaving behind a scandal in Richmond’s social circles, the couple traveled along the southern frontier for a time before eventually settling in Charleston, South Carolina. Frà ©mont’s parents (Frà ©mont later added the â€Å"t† to his last name) never married. His father died when Frà ©mont was a child, and at the age of 13, Frà ©mont found work as a clerk for a lawyer. Impressed by the boy’s intelligence, the lawyer helped Frà ©mont get an education. The young Frà ©mont had an affinity for mathematics and astronomy, skills that would later be very useful for plotting his position in the wilderness. Early Career and Marriage Frà ©monts professional life began with a job teaching mathematics to cadets in the U.S. Navy, and then working on a government surveying expedition. While visiting Washington, D.C., he met the powerful Missouri Sen. Thomas H. Benton and his family. Frà ©mont fell in love with Benton’s daughter Jessie and eloped with her. Sen. Benton was at first outraged, but he came to accept and actively promote his son-in-law. The role that Bentons influence played in Frà ©monts career cannot be overstated. In the decades before the Civil War, Benton exerted great influence on Capitol Hill. He was obsessed with expanding the United States to the West. He was perceived as the nations greatest proponent of Manifest Destiny, and he was often considered as powerful as the senators in the Great Triumvirate: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun. First Expedition to the West With Sen. Benton’s help, Frà ©mont was given the assignment to lead an 1842 expedition to explore beyond the Mississippi River to the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. With the guide Kit Carson and a group of men recruited from a community of French trappers, Frà ©mont reached the mountains. Climbing a high peak, he placed an American flag on top. Frà ©mont returned to Washington and wrote a report of his expedition. While much of the document consisted of tables of geographical data that Frà ©mont had calculated based on astronomical readings, Frà ©mont also wrote a narrative of considerable literary quality (most likely with considerable help from his wife). The U.S. Senate published the report in March 1843, and it found a readership in the general public. Many Americans took special pride in Frà ©mont placing an American flag atop a high mountain in the West. Foreign powers—Spain to the south and Britain to the north—had their own claims on much of the West. And Frà ©mont, acting purely on his own impulse, had seemed to claim the distant West for the United States. Second Expedition to the West Frà ©mont led a second expedition to the West in 1843 and 1844. His assignment was to find a route across the Rocky Mountains to Oregon. After essentially accomplishing his assignment, Frà ©mont and his party were located in Oregon in January 1844. Rather than returning to Missouri, the expedition’s starting point, Frà ©mont led his men southward and then west, crossing the Sierra Nevada mountain range into California. The trip over the Sierras was extremely difficult and dangerous, and there has been speculation that Frà ©mont was operating under some secret orders to infiltrate California, which was then Spanish territory. After visiting Sutter’s Fort, the outpost of John Sutter, in early 1844, Frà ©mont traveled southward in California before heading eastward. He eventually arrived back in St. Louis in August 1844. He then traveled to Washington, D.C., where he wrote a report of his second expedition. The Importance of Frà ©monts Reports A book of his two expedition reports was published and became extremely popular. Many Americans who made the decision to move westward did so after reading Frà ©mont’s stirring reports of his travels in the great spaces of the West. Noted Americans, including Henry David Thoreau and Walt Whitman, also read Frà ©mont’s reports and took inspiration from them. Sen. Benton, as a proponent of Manifest Destiny, promoted the reports. And Frà ©monts writings helped create great national interest in opening the West. Controversial Return to California In 1845 Frà ©mont, who had accepted a commission in the U.S. Army, returned to California and became active in rebelling against Spanish rule and starting the Bear Flag Republic in northern California. For disobeying orders in California, Frà ©mont was arrested and found guilty at a court-martial hearing. President James K. Polk overturned the proceedings, but Frà ©mont resigned from the Army. Later Career Frà ©mont led a troubled expedition in 1848 to find a route for a transcontinental railroad. Settling in California, which by then had become a state, he briefly served as one of its senators. He became active in the new Republican Party and was its first presidential candidate, in 1856. During the Civil War, Frà ©mont received a commission as a Union general and commanded the U.S. Army in the West for a time. His tenure in the Army came to an end early in the war when he issued an order freeing slaves in his territory. President Abraham Lincoln relieved him of command. Death Frà ©mont later served as territorial governor of Arizona from 1878 to 1883. He died at his home in New York City on July 13, 1890. The next day, a New York Times front-page headline proclaimed, The Old Pathfinder Dead. Legacy While Frà ©mont was often caught up in controversy, he did provide Americans in the 1840s with reliable accounts of what was to be found in the distant West. During much of his lifetime, he was considered by many to be a heroic figure, and he played a major role in opening the West to settlement. Sources The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"John C. Frà ©mont.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019.FRÉMONT, John Charles. Congress.gov.â€Å"John C. Frà ©mont.†Ã‚  American Battlefield Trust, 1 Nov. 2018.

On the Essence of God Essay - 936 Words

The existence of God has been questioned and asked by many human beings since they were given revelations. A clear answer to the question has not yet been verified nor proven to be true by anyone and philosophers trying to prove so have failed too. Regardless of the disappointing search for God’s existence people still have hope and believe in God. Humans never stop seeking for a supreme being other than themselves, and when they prove God’s existence similar to how Descartes does, it opens up a lot of questions. What is God’s essence and what relation holds between God and oneself as an existent? And, how does the divine essence need anyone? First, we want to start off with identifying what God’s true essence is, and then we can start†¦show more content†¦God being infinite means he’s been there from the start and he will be there till the end, and only God knows when that was and when that will be. Us humans are finite and have a shorter span of life as we do not exist forever and are born into a random span of time. But the idea and content of knowledge itself is infinite and only God can do so, meaning we innate our ideas, which ties Gods existence and us. With the mistakes we encounter on daily basis we can come to the conclusion that we humans are not perfect. For every human there is a cogito and if that cogito is imperfect as it makes mistakes from small to big we can conclude that something perfect must have created the cogito. While we know our parents conceived us and their parents conceived them, and this cycle keeps going on till eventually we stop at God the perfect being of all. The perfect being God is the creator of all including us; we can relate God to us because we are a part of his creations. By concluding that God created us we automatically conclude that he created our body, which ties us to God as he allowed our body to function as a system of its own. Since a single body is a functioning system that is imperfect itShow MoreRelatedGod Is The Pure Essence Of Perfect1695 Words   |  7 PagesNo one on this Earth is perfect, only our God is the pure essence of perfect. With God’s love and perfection He is able to use us, the imperfect, to carry out His will. We have all sinned and continue to ask for forgiveness when needed. Although we are not perfect, God still has a plan for our lives and it is our duty to follow out His will. In the Old Testament there are books of history, which discuss God’s use of some imperfect individuals to accomplish His purpose for Israel. There are twelveRead MoreSaint Anselm, A Strong Believer On The Existence And Essence Of God1534 Words   |  7 PagesSaint Anselm, a strong believer in using the art of rational thought to prove the existence and essence of God, in his works, Proslogium, Monologium, and Cur Deus Homo, discusses the complexity of the Trinity. He ponders many questions like â€Å"What is the role of each member of the trinity?† or â€Å"How can three separate beings, each with distinctive characteristics, be united as one and share the same essence?† These are all very good questions and would be best put to thought, in the hope of strengtheningRead MoreThe Between Essence And Existence871 Words   |  4 Pagescreated a doctrine that discussed the real distinction between essence and existence. Avicenna’s concludes that existence is accidental to essence and he believed that essence was a priority over esse. In Avicenna’s reasoning essence exists in two different ways of being. First, essence can exist in reality as a concrete, singular instance. For example, a dog can exist in reality through the essence of Lassie the dog. Second, essence can exist through the mind as a universal. For example, a dogRead MoreSartre s Views On Human Beings Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesJean-Paul Sartre claims that essence comes before existence for artificial artefacts, for example a paper knife. However, this claim set forth is differed when it comes to human beings as Sartre argues that in this instance existence precedes essence as humans first exist and define their purpose through existing. However, this according to Sartre is not an individualistic view but what one man does will define all of mankind as there is no prior essence of human beings thus the image is fashionedRead MoreDescartes Argument of God1540 Words   |  7 PagesGod Does Not Necessarily Have to Exist In Descartes’ Meditations, he makes the strong claim that God must exist. I will first explain what Descartes’s argument for God’s existence is, and then I will attempt to support the argument that God does not need to necessarily exist through objections and replies. Premise 1: â€Å"We have an idea of God as an infinite and perfect being.† First, Descartes believes that there are properties that are inherently perfect. For example, being good is a perfectionRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 PagesWord Count: 10/30/2014 Descartes’ Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The Ontological Argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument that aims to demonstrate that God’s real-world existence follows necessarily from the concept of God. In Meditation V of Discourse on Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes presents his version of the Ontological Argument for the existence of God. In this essay, I will argue that this argument fails because necessary existenceRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1236 Words   |  5 Pagestrinity is the essence and reality of God in his deepest inner life. The trinity is the highest thing that the human brain can contemplate. The doctrine of the trinity is one of the most mysterious theologies in the Christian faith and it is the heart and soul of its teachings. In the trinity there is one true God but three persons. The father, son, and holy spirit. There are misconceptions or heresies going against this belief that there is one God with three masks or modes in which god reveals himselfRe ad MoreSartre s Idea Of The Self983 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the beginnings of ancient civilizations up into today’s society. The self or essence of humanity has been viewed in many different lights ranging from immaterial and immortal, to the idea of our existence creating our essence to the idea of a cyborg race. Most of these ideas of the self focus primarily on the idea of a soul/essence determining the outcome of an individual, usually through some higher being or God. Sartre’s idea of Existentialism introduces a new way of thinking in terms of howRead MoreJean-Paul Sartre’s Philosophy: Radical Freedom and Responsibility 1253 Words   |  6 Pagesfreedom and responsibility is the central notion of Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy. However, Sartre himself raises objections about his philosophy, but he overcomes these obvious objections. In this paper I will argue that man creates their own essence through their choices and that our values and choic es are important because they allow man to be free and create their own existence. I will first do this by explaining Jean-Paul Sartre’s quote, then by thoroughly stating Sartre’s theory, and thenRead MoreThe Philosophical Theological Themes Discussed During The First Half Of The Course1218 Words   |  5 PagesBased on the foundational theological themes discussed during the first half of the course, it may be inferred that the essence of Christianity broadly lies within deciphering God’s will, and further transferring his will into action particularly by adapting simplicity in our lifestyle and serving those in need to bring about justice and to help humanity prevail. We can note the acknowledgement of the importance of service in various different Tradition’s that fall under the Christian Tradition such

Proposed Computerized Examination Free Essays

Computerized Examination is an application that establishes a connection between the university and the users specifically the teachers and students. This application covers only two features of course management system mainly the examination and course monitoring. Teachers use the application to prepare and deploy the examinations. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposed Computerized Examination or any similar topic only for you Order Now The students, on the other hand, can take the test at their most convenient time and know their results instantly. Course Monitoring System is defined as an application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting and delivery of courses or training programs. This application covers the courses that the students take when they take an entrance test. This system will help the teachers determine the number of students taking the course they want. The system can also monitor the student applicants’ courses, population and other pertinent information concerning their examinations. Details such as the total number of test takers, the total number of students applying for a particular course and also the number of students who passed and failed are included in the proposed system. The organization of the Guidance and Counseling Services of Filamer Christian College in June, 1973 was prompted by two administrative concerns: 1) arising conflicts in some of the academic units, and; 2) in order to prepare for accreditation in 1980. The advent of the professionalization of the guidance and counseling known as â€Å"Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004† (RA 9258) strengthened the programs and services through upgrading the qualification and proficiency of the guidance workers. The Guidance and Counseling Center is trying to make unnecessary improvements and innovations every now and then to respond to the guidance needs of the university. Their vision is to have a professionalized guidance services for the development and enrichment of individual and group lives; Mission is to provide a proactive, functional guidance services for the development of holistic, well-functioning individuals, and; Goals is to provide stable, proactive function programs in the basic areas of Guidance Services. Guidance and Counseling offers the following services like: individual inventory services, testing service, individual and group counseling, information service, research and evaluation, placement and  follow up, and orie ntation. The Career Guidance and School Promotion activities bring the school closer to the elementary high school graduates of the province within reach. Seminar-workshops are conducted annually to help the graduating students learn the basics of jobs hunting and facilitate an understanding of career development. An information center is established and maintained for educational, social and occupational information to guide clients in decision making. Scholarships, job opening and job requirements are posted for public notice. Provide educational, social and occupational counseling to guide individual’s choice and decisions through homeroom guidance, classroom guidance, and guidance hours during departmental convocations. To enhance program, the Guidance and Counseling Center organized the Peer Counseling Program which actively involves volunteer students trained for the work. Their system is capable to produce result but they need more in improving for the better and faster release for the entrance examination and for the monitoring of course. In five years, Filamer Christian University will have efficient and faster method of obtaining a computerized examinations and in monitoring the courses. Problem Statement Traditional examination method spans thousands of years in our country, and frequent exams today brings a lot of problems as well. 1. The Guidance Office is using complicated forms. 2. The test checkers are having a hard time checking the papers and separating the courses that the students take. 3. The current manual system is inefficient. Problem Objectives General Objective To analyze and develop an online entrance examination and course monitoring system for the Guidance office of Filamer Christian University. Specific Objectives 1. To design the proposed system that features user friendly electronic tests and accessible online. 2. To design the proposed system that automatically checks test papers and monitors the specific courses chosen by student applicants. 3. To design the proposed system that can prevent the common  errors experienced through manual test checking thus achieving accuracy in automatic test checking results. Scope of the Project The guidance counseling department is directly involved in the development and implementation of the proposed system since the department is directly in charge of giving examinations to student applicants in the institution. It includes the examinations, monitoring of courses in every department of the freshmen students in the university and scholarships that the Guidance and Counseling Office offers. Computerized Examination and Course Monitoring System handles all the operations and generates reports as soon as the test is completed which saves the precious time of faculties spent on reviewing answer sheets. The proposed system includes course monitoring. It excludes the services of the Guidance Office like the Individual Inventory Services, Individual Group and Counseling, Information Service, Research and Evaluation, Placement and Follow Up and Orientation. The institution that will be directly involved and integrate the proposed system is in Filamer Christian University. Significance of the Project The University will benefit from it because the proposed system can be a featured innovation in relation with student services specifically in introducing online entrance examination and course monitoring. The Guidance counseling department will benefit from it because the proposed system introduces an efficient alternative to manual examination. Faster turnout of the examination results will help the different colleges in the processing of the student applicants’ which will also yield in higher enrollment. The student applicants can instantly get their test results through computerized examination which will help them to conserve their time and effort in waiting for the results. Definition of Terms Terms here are conceptually and operationally defined for better understanding of the readers. How to cite Proposed Computerized Examination, Papers

Law and Justice Jurisprudence

Question: Discuss about theLaw and Justicefor Jurisprudence. Answer: Introduction Law has been described as a body of principles that are recognized and applied by the State while administering justice. However, much debate has been going on as to what makes a particular rule the law. According to the natural law theorists, it has been claimed that a law can be considered as valid only if it conforms to a high moral basis. On the other hand, positivists like Hart are of the opinion that if a law has been made properly, it is always valid and therefore it should be obeyed by the people regardless of its content. On the other hand, as a concept, justice can be defined simply as equality of treatment and fairness. Although it appears to be relatively simple, it is worth mentioning that the meaning of justice is significantly subjective. Therefore, what is justice for one person can be considered as total injustice by the other person.[1] Therefore, a number of theorists have tried to define the term "justice" and in this regard they have also expressed their views ab out justice can best be achieved.[2] In the present essay, the relationship that exists between the law and justice has been explored. Distributive justice is the term that is related with the allocation of wealth, rights and responsibilities in the society. It has been suggested by Aristotle that these amenities need to be distributed on the grounds of merit. Therefore, those who have contributed the most are also the worthiest and as a result, they should receive the most. In this way, according to Aristotle, justice is proportionality.[3] On the other hand, if the resources are allocated on the basis of need, it would be unjust. The reason is that in such a case even the laziest person will also receive the same benefits as would be received by the hard-working people. An example of this can be given in the form of the present state pension scheme. This is in tune with the theory of distributive justice of Aristotle. Therefore, the persons who have contributed for 30 years receive a pension from the State.[4] This can be described as a reward that is commensurate with the contribution made by them. On the other hand, the persons who have worked for a shorter period, for example for 20 years, are provided a smaller amount due to the reason that their contribution was also smaller. Therefore, the persons who prescribed to the theory of Aristotle would consider that the pension scheme was just and the people were receiving their about that is commensurate with their contribution. However, the significant issue present, in case of Aristotle's theory is that the theory fails to account for the persons who cannot contribute as a result of their inability to work, for example, the disabled people. The government faced this issue when it introduced the personal independence payments, which replaced the disability allowance and were provided to only those persons who could not work instead of the persons who were too lazy to work. This would be considered as just by Aristotle, because the persons who are getting better off working should contribute to the society.[5] But as compared to Aristotle, it was the belief of Karl Marx that wealth, rights and responsibilities need to be designated on the basis of the needy instead of merit. He was of the opinion that amenities need to be allocated on the basis of the maxim, "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need". In this way, this maxim refers to the idea that each person should receive what he or she needs, regardless of the contribution made by such a person. For example, in case of NHS, the application of this theory can be seen. In this case, the persons who are need of treatment are provided the same, irrespective of the fact how much they have contributed or paid for it. However, this is in conflict with the fury of Aristotle. The reason is that in this case, the persons who made the least contribution to society would be divided and this cannot be considered as justice.[6] In the same way, another issue that is present in case of the theory of Marx is that in such a cas e, there will be no incentive to work left for the people. Therefore, if everyone is going to receive the same rewards, regardless of the contribution made by them, then what is the need for a person to work hard? In this way the overall criticism raised by distributive justice is related with the lack of agreement that exists between these two theories. It is not possible to define what is just distribution when these theories don't agree with each other regarding who should receive how much reward? On the other hand, corrective justice depends on the principle that wrongs need to be corrected by using fair remedy or punishment. Under English law, this has been achieved by the use of sanctions in criminal law and providing remedies under the civil law.[7] For example, in case of civil law, a fair remedy that can be granted in case of nuisance would be an injunction. This ensures that the wrongdoing is stopped and in this way it is a just remedy.[8] However, issues are also present with corrective justice due to the reason that it can be restrictive, and trying to provide retribution. For example, in case of the life sentence provided for murder, it relies on biological principle of corrective justice according to which a life or the life. But it does not allow for differentiation between the motives of compassion and evil.[9] Another alternative theory of justice is that of Utilitarianism. The purpose behind this theory is to increase human happiness by increasing pleasure and at the same time, diminishing pain. For the Utilitarians, justice is related with the promotion of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. In this case, the sum of human happiness is examined by numerical means and the happiness of each person is equal in value. However, Kant did not agree with the Utilitarian ideal.[10] According to him, an act is more significant than the consequences. Therefore, he states that if the act is wrong, then it is not significant how much happiness has been produced as a result of such an act. An example of the conflict that exists between the reasoning of Utilitarians and Kant is related with torture. Therefore, according to the Utilitarians, culture can be considered as acceptable if it is for the benefit of the majority. On the other hand, according to Kantians, torture can never b e permitted. Social justice is also another type of justice. The hypothetical theory of social justice was created by Rawls. He stated that a veil of ignorance was off the significance. According to Rawls, if nobody was aware of their place in the society, then they may want a set of inalienable rights, as well as the implementation of universal freedoms. These freedoms would include the freedom to speech and the right to assembly. According to Rawls, theory, it was stated that people may be looking for a less rigid social structure. Therefore every person will have the same opportunities and as a result, the success of each person will rely on the marriage alone instead of the socio-economic status of the person. However the main criticism the theory propounded by Rawls is that it is purely hypothetical.[11] As it will be impossible to start a society from zero, therefore it is just impossible to implement the theory of justice propounded by Rawls. There are many experts who do not agree with Ra wls theory. According to these opponents, we need to work with the society that is already present and similarly the state should not be allowed to interfere in the redistribution of wealth that has been legitimately acquired by the persons. These experts have also argued that the state should not be allowed to interfere in the private lives of the people unless they had done something wrong.[12] Therefore, according to this idea of having a minimal state, the fact can be disregarded that there are certain persons who need the intervention of the society. An example in this regard can be given of the persons who are surviving on disability benefits.[13] Therefore, if the state fails to assist these people, they will not be in a position to support themselves. However, this is contrary to the theory of justice propounded by Karl Marx as in such a case the people will not be receiving what is needed by them. All the theories that have been discussed above need to be applied to the issues presented in procedural and substantive law. In this context, procedure law can be described as the law denoting the procedures and methods that are used for the purpose of enforcing rights and duties. When an offender is being sentenced by the judges, there are several factors that need to be taken into consideration. These factors include the purpose of sentencing, the crime and also the presence of any mitigating or aggravating factors. In view of these considerations, it is necessary that the sentence given needs to be just. In his theory, Aristotle has talked about the scales of justice. He had stated that the gains and losses of the parties need to be equaled out so that the offender does not benefit from the crime and the victim is not required to suffer a loss. In the process of sentencing, this should be clearly reflected. The result is that in case of less serious crimes, less serious punishment is given and vice versa. The rights and duties are created, defined and regulated by the substantive law. Similarly, the sentencing practices that are adopted by the judges are generally regulated by the principle of proportionality. Therefore, the serious the crime, the harsher is the sanction imposed by the court. However, this is not true in case of all the crimes. For example, in case of murder, it is mandatory for the court to award life sentence. Irrespective of the motive, a life sentence is given to all the murderers. Therefore, by describing a minimum sentence, there is no scope for proportionality and as a result it may lead to harsh decisions.[14] While those believing in the theory of corrective justice may claim that this is fair, and the persons who have killed another person deserve to have their life taken from them.[15] However this sentence cannot be considered as just in case of mercy killers, for example. Therefore, it needs to be mentioned that the law for murder does not distinguish bet ween the murder that has been committed for malevolent reasons and the murderers that were motivated by familial love. However, it still appears to be unjust that someone who was killed another person due to compassion will also be given the same sentence as is the case of serial killers. But in this case, it can be said that the act of murder is wrong, regardless of the motives and as a result, it should be punished accordingly. Therefore, it can be concluded that the basic purpose of law is to promote justice. But there can be a number of cases in which it has been shown that this objective has not been effectively achieved. After exploring several different theories of justice, it becomes clear that the idea is subjective. Therefore, for one person, justice could be related with achieving individual freedoms, at the same time for another person, justice can be achieved if the majority is happy. As a result of this variation, it can be said that perhaps justice cannot be achieved consistently. It is natural for one party to feel that the outcome of the case is not just. However, the best that can be achieved by the law is that the people should feel that fair and impartial trial are within their reach. Bibliography Bayles D Michael (1992 ) Harts Legal Philosophy- An Examination, London, Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers Bodenheimer, Edgar (1974) Jurisprudence The Philosophy and the Method of Law, New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co Pvt Ltd Bodenheimer, Edgar (1974) Jurisprudence The Philosophy and the Method of Law, New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co Pvt Ltd Carl, W., Frege's Theory of Sense and Reference: Its Origins and Scope (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Coffa, J. A., The Semantic Tradition From Kant to Carnap: To the Vienna Station (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991 Dhyani, SN (2004) Fundamental of Jurisprudence, Allahabad: Central Law Agency Dias, RWM (1994) Jurisprudence New Delhi: Aditya Books Private Ltd Dummett, M., Platonism', in Michael Dummett (ed.), Truth and Other Enigmas (London: Duckworth, 1978 Finch, John D (1974) Introduction to Legal Theory, (Second Ed First Indian Reprint) New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co Pvt Ltd Fuller, Lon L (1969) The Morality of Law, Second Ed, Indian Reprint 2004, New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co Pvt Ltd Hart, H., The Concept of Law (2 ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994) Hart, HLA (1961) Concept of Law Oxford: Clarendon Press Hart, HLA (1963) Law Liberty and Morally Stanford: Stanford University Press Hart, HLA (1968) Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press Hart, HLA (1983) Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy

Economic advantages and disadvantages of immigration into the U.S.

Judgment (Poem) essays

Judgment (Poem) essays Judgment, we put on each and every individual who lives and breathes. Whether it is black, white, short, tall, fat or thin. In this domain, it seems we cannot win. Be not judgmental, says our father who art I heaven. This being one of the fewer sins we take the credit, yet for granted. Wondering eyes send tremors piercing through my soul. Why? Because society says its right. Driven with the need to feed and provide; With mind, body and soul, the unfailing love I store inside. For those who are still asleep in this society- built world. The prejudice imposed by society I suppose. Wishing they can open their eyes; and feast upon reality inside. I live this lesbian life, like a man searching for that beautiful queen, to call my wife. Im now hated and judged- misjudged I believe. Unable to endure what people perceive, Yet ready to show love, give love to all whom will receive. No one said stop the world for love that lies within. Woman stand tall and live life as you see, Be who you want to be, disregard society. Some say Im not heaven material. Are we not all from the man up above? Right is right and wrong is right too. Only in your eyes, you cant see the things you do. Worrying about what he, she, it or they are doing. Stop! Sit, Contemplate and regulate your mind, thoughts and self- control. Think about what is happening to your society- built soul. When the world roars in distaste for your soul, Its too late, to transform your thoughts. By me communicating how I think, makes me society- built. Stating the way I feel makes me the judgmental person that so ...

How Corporate Governance Plays An Important Role In Managing A Essay

How Corporate Governance Plays An Important Role In Managing A Successfull Family Business PLC In The Long Run - Essay Example According to some survey, at present in many countries family businesses account for as high as 90 percent of all the enterprises situated in those nations. On average more than 75 percent of all the companies in the world are family owned. In Europe, the share of family business at aggregate industry level is more than 70 percent. This kind of dominant presence of family businesses in all over the world, has forced a number of people to argue that in any society across the world the most substantial economic force is nothing but family owned or controlled businesses. The dominant presence of family businesses in a large number of industries, however, does not come as a surprise. In fact, it would have come as a surprise, had it been found that in certain industry family businesses were encountering significant difficulties while making their entry into the industry. The abundance of family controlled or family owned businesses in any industry at any part of the world is actually a common phenomenon because of the reason that in any industry a new business is generally started by some common friends or a group of people within a family to give shape to their common ambition. Whether a firm started as a family business will continue is a family controlled firm on long run, is, however, a quite different issue. Whether a firm will choose to be a family owned firm only even in long run, or will restructure its ownership pattern to become a non-family owned firm depends on a number of factors including the pattern of internal development of the firm, the capacity the family ownership in handling various management issues, and numerous external factors like the pattern of market developments. Very often ‘family factor’ of any family owned or controlled business as a vital key to succeed in its business endeavors. However,

IR---business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IR---business - Essay Example Therefore, I consider that IR reflects a system of rules which aim to protect primarily the rights of employees – even in many cases the above target are not fully achieved. I believe that such failure is the result of the lack of cooperation and communication within the organization, which are necessary prerequisites for the successful implementation of any IR system. It should be noted that the role of IR in each organization is not the same – for example, in my organization the views of employees on IR are positive. In other organizations where the IR framework has been used for the promotion of the interests of the employer, employees are not supportive to the specific framework. 2) How are your conditions of employment determined (Contract or agreement) and how does your process work? The hiring of an employee is based on a contract signed between the employer and the employee. In this contract, reference is made to all terms of the particular agreement, for exampl e to the hours of work/ compensation. In any case, additional benefits are arranged between the employer and the employee since the entrance in the workplace. The change of the terms of an employment contract is not allowed in the future, except from the case that such initiative is taken after a relevant decision of the employer. Also, the store manager monitors the performance of employees in his store on a weekly basis. The store manager also decides on the promotion of employees in accordance with their performance. It should be noted that there are weekly meetings in which employees can share their views with the store manager; if changes need to be made regarding the distribution of tasks or hours of work, then relevant suggestions can be made by the employees to the store manager in these meetings. The hiring process used in my organization can be characterized as quite satisfactory – being aligned with the rules of IR; however, in regard to the monitoring of the emplo yees’ performance and their rewarding, still improvements would be made; the power of the store manager to decide on all aspects of employees’ rights – in the context of a particular store – can be an advantage but also a drawback. In the organization where I work the store manager will be replaced in the next 6 months; the views of the new store manager on IR will be critical regarding the employees’ rights and benefits in all the departments of the specific store. 3) What impact has the new system of workplace relations had on your working conditions? At a first level, because of IR the benefits of employees in the workplace have been increased – referring to both monetary and non-monetary benefits, for example, the payment – based benefit, the bonus at the end of each year and the partial cover by the employer of the medical insurance of employees. Also, the communication between the employer and the employees has been improved, ev en at not a high level. Another aspect of the involvement of IR in my organization has been the increase of competition among employees, as result of the

Analysis of Proteins in Fish Muscle Tissue

Analysis of Proteins in Fish Muscle Tissue Introduction In vertebrates, the muscular system is an anatomical organ system controlled through the nervous system. Derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells, these contractile tissues-of skeletal, smooth, or cardiac origin-are responsible for blood circulation, internal organ function, heat production, and organ protection.[1] With the skeletal system integrated, voluntary and reflexive movement, as well as posture and body position, become possible. Surrounded by an epimysium, skeletal muscles are composed of many long muscle fibers lined with endomysium, which are bound together by perimysium into bundles called fascicles.[2] Within these myocytes, there are smaller strands of myofibrils that contain myofilaments (or sarcomeres) the basic unit of a striated muscle tissue. These repeating sarcomeres contract in response to nerve signals by means of sliding filaments: actin and myosin. The thin filaments consist of two chains of spherical actin proteins twisted in a helical co nformation and troponin as a contraction regulator.[2] Each actin molecule has a myosin-binding site that is covered by tropomyosin during muscle relaxation. Having a head and tail region, myosin II proteins generally form the thick filaments with its six polypeptide chains and can cross bridge with actin filaments due to their elasticity and contractibility properties. Specifically, the motor domain of its two heavy chains adopt an ÃŽÂ ±-helical coiled coil configuration and couple ATP hydrolysis with its motion while its two light chains-which wrap around the neck region of each heavy chain at the IQ sequence motif-have regulatory roles[1]. Although this major multi-subunit protein has remained greatly stabile across the animal kingdom over time, myosin light chains have undergone evolutionary divergences for different species; however, the essential structure and functions have remained highly conserved.[3] Caused by genetic mutations, only favorable variations are passed thro ugh this process allows for specialization, speciation, and evolution that eventually increases survival ability: DNA (genes)  ® RNA ® Protein  ® Trait  ® Evolution. Protein gel electrophoresis and western blotting can be used to compare myosin light chains of different species by identifying any commonalities or alterations in specific subunits. Since proteins reflect changes in the gene pool, the phenotype and function as well as form of an organism can be identified, allowing for the study of their physiological adaptations to the environment. Through comparative proteomics-defined as the analysis of differentially expressed proteins with comparison between at least two protein profiles-changes in the proteome that have been caused by development, diseases, and the environment can be identified allowing for assessment of biological variability and dataset comparability.[4] The objective of this lab was to extract proteins from unknown samples of fish muscle tissue and then qualitatively analyze this protein mixture by performing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) twice. The protein bands of the first gel-representing the total amount of proteins found in the tissue homogenate-were stained and visualized at 595nm with the Bio-Safe Coomassie Blue G-250 dye at 595nm while the fractionated proteins of the second gel were electroblotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane via Western blotting where the specific protein of interest was selectively immuno-detected by chemiluminescence with a horseshoe radish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody. [3,4] Accordingly, the goal of this report is to identify the different types of proteins found in fish muscle-specifically of shark, tilapia, skitter, and salmon-required for muscle contraction and movement and to establish whether they are highly conserved or variable across all animal species. Consequently, information about the environment, niche, or physiological stresses faced by the organism can be elucidated as specific protein modifications that alter muscle function and performance work to increase their fitness and adaptiveness.[2] Differences in proteins may reveal information about the evolutionary relationships among various organisms and by understanding this diversity in the natural world, many biological problems can be solved to improve the quality of human life.       Materials and Methods First, unknown tissue samples from two different fish species were prepared for protein extraction: in a 1.5mL microcentrifuge tube, 250ÃŽÂ ¼L of Laemmli (1x SDS) sample buffer was added as well as the minced tissue. After gently agitating the contents by flicking the tube, it was left to incubate at room temperature for five minutes. Next, the tube was centrifuged to pellet the tissue; this allowed for transfer of the supernatant buffer to a new 1.5mL screw cap tube, which was then boiled at 95 °C for five minutes. Second, SDS PAGE was performed on two separate precast TGX gels (purchased from Bio-Rad) since both Coomassie Blue staining and Western blotting were required. Refer to the BIO314 experiment 7 lab manual for instructions on how the gel apparatus was assembled with the Mini-Protean gels and tetra cell. When this was completed, the loading scheme for Coomassie staining involved pipetting the protein ladder (Biorad cat #161-0375) in lane 1 (at 7 ÃŽÂ ¼L/line) and the actin/myosin standards in lane 6 (at 5 ÃŽÂ ¼L/line). The rest of the lanes were used to load the samples (at 10ÃŽÂ ¼L/line). The same set-up was done for the immunoblotting gel, except only 5ÃŽÂ ¼L/line of each boiled sample was loaded. Refer to the BIO314 experiment 7 lab manual for instructions on how these solutions were loaded. After all of the samples have been loaded, the gel box lid was connected to the electrode assembly by matching the red and black leads with their corresponding electrodes. Then, the leads were plugged into the power supply, which was subsequently turned on and set to run at a constant voltage of 200V. This process was terminated at 30 minutes when the loading dye started to exit the gel. Refer to the BIO314 experiment 7 lab manual for instructions on how the gels were removed. Third, Bio-Safe Coomassie staining was done on the appropriate gel-with samples loaded at 10ÃŽÂ ¼L/line-which was peeled from the plate: it was then inserted into a container of deionized water and washed for 5 minutes on a rocking platform. Afterwards, the gel was transferred to another container with Coomassie staining solution again, this was left on a rocking platform for 15 minutes. Upon completion, the stained gel was put in deionized water (destaining solution) and the lid was capped onto this container, which was placed onto the rocking platform for 15 minutes. Fourth, the immunoblot was prepared and transferred: with blunt-ended tweezers, the PVDF membrane and bottom stack was placed on the cassette base; the membrane was left facing up. Any air bubbles seen were immediately removed with a blot roller. Since one mini gel was employed, the stack was centered in the cassette. Then, the second gel-with samples loaded at 5ÃŽÂ ¼L/line-was peeled from the plate (from the SD S-PAGE step) and stacked over-top of the PVDF membrane. Any air bubbles present were subsequently removed using a blot roller. Next, a second wetted top-ion transfer stack was placed above this gel. This assembled sandwich was rolled thoroughly with a blot roller to prevent any air bubbles from being trapped. Finally, the lid was closed and locked onto the cassette and this was set inside the turbo blotter to initiate the transfer. When the electro-transfer process was finished, the blots were dismantled and stored (at -20 °C) according to the instructions written in the BIO314 experiment 7 lab manual. After one week, the Western blot-that had been rocked on a platform with block solution A for 1 hour-was placed into 10mL of blocking solution B and 5ÃŽÂ ¼L of primary antibody was added on that solution with swirling; this was incubated for 20 minutes. Upon completion, the gel was washed with 15mL of wash buffer (three times, each with 10 minutes of incubation); then 15mL of blo cking solution B and 5ÃŽÂ ¼L of secondary antibody was added and incubated at 15 minutes. The three wash steps were repeated. With the wash buffer drained, the membrane was put on a plastic paper protector (with the protein side up) and 400ÃŽÂ ¼L of substrate (made by mixing reagent A and B in 1:1 ratio, 200ÃŽÂ ¼L each) was spread evenly across the middle of the blot. A plastic protector was then added over it and this was imaged with a digital imager for chemiluminescence detection and analyzed using the BioRad ChemiDOC-MP Imaging System for the molecular weight and signal intensity of the protein bands (refer to the instructions posted on blackboard on how this program was operated). Results and Discussion According to the Coomassie-stained gel, the variability in the staining intensity of the protein bands in lanes 2, 3, 4 and 5-for skeletal muscle tissue samples from shark, tilapia, skitter, and salmon-signify the difference in the relative abundance of individual polypeptides in each organism (note that lane 5, band 11 was used as the reference). Influenced by factors such as protein expression and control, these species have generated different quantities of proteins with similar masses in their muscle tissues as they have adapted to specific environmental and biochemical interactions.[5] In figure 1, the potential mass and intensity values of myosin-light chain (MLC) are as follows: shark (15.43kDa at 0.37, 17.65 at 1.71, 20.64 at 1.09, 21.60 at 0.25, 23.05 at 0.69, 23.79 at 0.92, and 25.54 at 1.02); tilapia (15.33kDa at 1.34, 16.42 at 0.75, 19.02 at 0.35, 20.37 at 1.56, 21.47 at 0.34, and 23.79 at 0.36); skitter (15.92kDa at 2.09, 17.99 at 0.94, 20.12 at 0.48, and 23.75 at 0.55) and salmon (16.07kDa at 1.13, 20.12 at 0.31, 21.08 at 0.64, 21.76 at 0.26, and 24.92 at 0.34). Due to selective immunodetection of MLC proteins in Western blotting by a primary antibody, the various protein bands lying in the general MLC range of 15-25kDa in the Coomassie gel can be narrowed to: shark (23.94kDa at 1.33); tilapia (24.47 at 0.70); skitter (24.47 at 0.36); salmon (24.47 at 0.22) and myosin marker (24.47 at 2.40) all of which resemble the myosin light chain isoform I (>20kDa) as isoforms II (20kDa) and III (15kDa) have lower masses; with a greater variability of myosin, tilapia has an additional band of 20.68kDa at 0.39 that resembles isoform II. [5] The other bands were dismissed as non-specific background interferences (note that lane 4, band 5 was used as the reference for the immunoblot). The high specificity of primary antibodies in probing their target allows for its wide-use in proteomic research as a reliable immunodetection technique; since proteins can indica te evolutionary relatedness or the presence of genetic diseases, their role as biomarkers has allowed for measurements of physiological changes as well as their quantifications.[6] In the appendix, all of the protein bands for the four species have been assigned a protein that corresponds to its molecular weight. From this, it can be denoted that sharks are more closely related to salmons than tilapia and skitters, both of which are tied for second place. However, based on fish phylogeny: sharks and skitters-belonging to the same class called Chondrichthyes-have diverged prior to the class of Actinopterygiis, which include both salmon and tilapia.[7] In terms of classification relative to the order, sharks (of Elasmobranchii) have the greatest evolutionary relationship with skitters (of Rajiformes), then salmons (of Salmoniformes), and lastly tilapia (of Perciformes).[7] As a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein, myosin is composed of four light chains (MLC)-two non-phosphorylatable essential alkali chains, two phosphorylatable regulatory chains-and two heavy chains (MHC). Specifically, the protein bands of these light chains have a molecular weight as a range from 15 to 25kDa; this diversity in the masses occur largely from alternative RNA splicing mechanisms that generate multiple tissue-/developmental stage-specific isoforms.[7] Although these polymorphic variations do not significantly alter the actin-activated ATPase activity of the myosin-heavy chain, they affect the actin-filament sliding velocities and kinetics-leading to different force-generating abilities.[8] In an evolutionary context, the existence of these hybrid molecules has been adopted by muscles-in response to changing functional demands-to shorten this translocation time in order to increase their overall fitness. Consequently, numerous variants of slow and fast light chains we re developed despite the underlying plasticity of striated muscles.[7] Voluntary muscles are divided into slow twitch and fast twitch muscles. The main difference is that the former red muscle contracts for longer periods of time with little force, require an oxygen-rich operating environment, and contain only two distinct light chains while the latter white type contracts quickly and powerfully for only short bursts of anaerobic activity as they become exhausted due to lactic acid buildup, have glycogenolytic capacity, and possess three different light chain subunits.[8] Over 90% of swimming muscles from sharks are composed of myotomes that can create massive propulsive forces by contracting their high numbers of white fibres; only a few such as the Great White incorporate bands of red muscle to elevate endurance over strength.[9] Accordingly, this explains why the MLC band on the Western blot has the greatest intensity of 1.33 relative to the other species. Conversely, fish species are generally composed of endothermic red-segmented muscles in their t runk musculature-allowing for their stiff-bodied, slow undulatory swimming motions.[6] Due to their decreased mass of white muscles, MLC bands of tilapia, skitter, and salmon are of lower intensity at 0.70, 0.36, and 0.22 respectively. Relative to mammals, fish myosins share the same light chain patterns but have higher variability in MLC mass and quantity due to adaptive differences in movement between red and white myofibrils.[6] Since they have larger phylogenetic diversity, there is an enormous range of contraction speeds and swimming styles among homologous muscles.[6] For example, fast twitch muscles of rabbit, sheep, and chicken have three light chain components at 250kDa-whereas only one is found homologous at 180kDa among pike, dogfish, mackerel, angler-fish, and carp.[5] Moreover, their poikilothermic-nature may have contributed to these light chain divergences as they were forced to adjust to fluctuating environment temperatures that required specific muscle responses fo r survival.[9] Sources of errors with the techniques employed contributed in hindering the accuracy of the results. First, the amount of protein stained with Coomassie dye varied greatly between the sample replicates since the dye may complex with the anionic detergent in its free cationic form interfering with protein concentration estimates. Moreover, this dye selectively targets amino acid resides arginine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, and phenylalanine; however, the assay performed responds primarily to arginine residues eight-times higher than other ones listed above.[2] Second, reproducibility of the sample preparation and protein extraction steps was an issue due to variability among the skills of the student, which may have caused the quantity differences seen among the replicates. For example: if more tissues were added for one specie, the increased concentration of proteins loaded into the lane would be misled for a true difference in expression among or between the species. To over come these problems: one, an automated protein extraction systems should be employed since its robotic liquid handing technology can control for errors and contaminations leading to greater reproducibility and accuracy; two, silver staining can be substituted for Coomassie due to its higher sensitivity (0.2ng versus 7ng respectively); third, adjustable single-/multi-channel Rainin electronic pipettes should be used as its fully automated and repetitive micro-pipetting has superior consistency allowing for higher throughput work.[4,5,6,9] Overall, it has been discovered that-irrespective of muscle tissue origin-myosin light chain molecules are heterogeneous in mass and intensity and the existence of phasically active fast muscles versus slow tonic muscles has led to characteristic light chain patterns among different fish species. Based on similarities and divergences in the overall protein content and intensities of the different fish species mentioned above, sharks are deemed to be more closely related to salmons than tilapia and skitters both of which are tied for second place. However, according to fish phylogeny, sharks and skitters have diverged before salmon and tilapia, leading to an order classification of sharks (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) having the greatest evolutionary relationship with skitters (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes), then salmons (Actinopterygiis, Salmoniformes), and lastly tilapia (Actinopterygiis, Perciformes). Radical alterations in their muscle proteome may have originated from adaptive responses to environmental stresses-i.e. osmotic, anaerobic, and thermal condition changes- or during symbiosis and development since cells can make different sets of proteins based on its specific spatial-temporal conditions.[5] The inferences made in this lab come with great uncertainty due many accuracy and reproducibility problems. Thus, fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis can be substituted for SDS-PAGE; high-throughput proteomic technologies like micro arrays, mass spectrometry-based methods, protein chips, and reverse-phased protein-microarrays can be used for protein profiling and detection; and hybrid separation-analysis techniques such as reversed-phase chromatography-ESI ionization online analysis systems can be utilized for greater sensitivity, accuracy, and precision all of which allow an experimenter to draw firmer conclusions. References Bandman, E. et al. Developmental Appearance of Myosin Heavy and Light Chain Isoforms in-Vitro and in-Vivo in Chicken Skeletal Muscle. Developmental Biology. 1982, 2, 508-518. Chatfield, S. Experiment 7: Extraction and Electrophoresis of Proteins: Immunoblot Preparation. BIO 314 Laboratory Manual. 2017. Chatfield, S. Experiment 8: Development of Immunoblots (Western Blots). BIO 314 Laboratory Manual. 2017. Focant, B. et al. Subunit Composition of Fish Myofibrils: The Light Chains of Myosin. Journal of Biochemistry. 1976, 110-120. Lowey, S. et al. Function of Skeletal Muscle Myosin Heavy and Light Chain Isoforms by an in Vitro Motility Assay. The Journal of Biological Chemistry.1993, 268, 20414-20418. Lowey, S. et al. Light Chains from Fast and Slow Muscle Myosins. Nature. 1971, 81-85. Syme, D. et al. Red Muscle Function in Stiff-Bodied Swimmers: There and Almost Back Again. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2011, 1507-1515. Tomanek, L. et al. Environmental Proteomics: Changes in the Proteome of Marine Organisms in Response to Environmental Stress, Pollutants, Infection, Symbiosis, and Development. Journal of Animal Science. 2003, 373-390. Young, R. et al. Structural Analysis of Myosin Genes Using Recombinant DNA Techniques. Journal of Animal Science. 1968, 259-268.